![]() ![]() Thereafter, the role of neighboring sovereigns was replaced by powerful Roman families during the saeculum obscurum, the Crescentii era, and the Tusculan Papacy.įrom 1048 to 1257, the papacy experienced increasing conflict with the leaders and churches of the Holy Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire). ![]() Over time, the papacy consolidated its territorial claims to a portion of the peninsula known as the Papal States. After the Fall of the Western Roman Empire (the " Middle Ages", about 476), the papacy was influenced by the temporal rulers of the surrounding Italian Peninsula these periods are known as the Ostrogothic Papacy, Byzantine Papacy, and Frankish Papacy. ![]() According to Catholic doctrine, the popes are successors of Saint Peter (kneeling, right)ĭuring the Early Church, the bishops of Rome enjoyed no temporal power until the time of Constantine. ![]()
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